Scientists now know exactly why fibre is good for you

New York

A DIET of fibre-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables, reduces the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. Indeed, the evidence for fibre's benefits extends beyond any particular ailment: People who eat more of it simply have lower odds of dying.

That's why experts are always saying how good dietary fibre is for us. But while the benefits are clear, it's not so clear - why - fibre is so great.

"It's an easy question to ask and a hard one to really answer," said Fredrik Backhed, a biologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. He and other scientists are running experiments that are yielding some important new clues about fibre's role in human health.

Their research indicates that fibre doesn't deliver many of its benefits directly to our bodies. Instead, the fibre we eat feeds billions of bacteria in our guts. Keeping them happy means our intestines and immune systems remain in good working order.

In order to digest food, we need to bathe it in enzymes that break down its molecules. Those molecular fragments then pass through the gut wall and are absorbed in our intestines. But our bodies make a limited range of enzymes, so that we cannot break down many of the tough compounds in plants.

The term "dietary fibre" refers to those indigestible molecules. But they are indigestible only to us. The gut is coated with a layer of mucus, atop which sits a carpet of hundreds of species of bacteria, part of the human microbiome. Some of these microbes carry the enzymes needed to break down various kinds of dietary fibre. The ability of these bacteria to survive on fibre we can't digest ourselves has led many experts to wonder if the microbes are somehow involved in the benefits of the fruits-and-vegetables diet.

Two detailed studies published recently in the journal Cell Host and Microbe provide compelling evidence that the answer is "yes". In one experiment, Andrew T Gewirtz of Georgia State University and his colleagues put mice on a low-fibre, high-fat diet. By examining fragments of bacterial DNA in the animals' faeces, the scientists were able to estimate the size of the gut bacterial population in each mouse. On a low-fibre diet, they found, the population crashed, shrinking tenfold.

Prof Backhed and his colleagues carried out a similar experiment, surveying the microbiome in mice as they were switched from fibre-rich food to a low-fibre diet. "It's basically what you'd get at McDonald's," said Prof Backhed. "A lot of lard, a lot of sugar, and 20 per cent protein."

The scientists focused on the diversity of species that make up the mouse's gut microbiome. Shifting the animals to a low-fibre diet had a dramatic effect, they found: many common species became rare, and rare species became common.

Along with changes to the microbiome, both teams also observed rapid changes to the mice themselves. Their intestines got smaller, and its mucus layer thinner.

As a result, bacteria wound up much closer to the intestinal wall, and that encroachment triggered an immune reaction. After a few days on the low-fibre diet, mouse intestines developed chronic inflammation.

After a few weeks, Prof Gewirtz's team observed that the mice began to change in other ways, putting on fat, for example, and developing higher blood sugar levels. Prof Backhed and his colleagues also fed another group of rodents the high-fat menu, along with a modest dose of a type of fibre called inulin. The mucus layer in their guts was healthier than in mice that didn't get fibre, the scientists found, and intestinal bacteria were kept at a safer distance from their intestinal wall.

Prof Gewirtz and his colleagues gave inulin to their mice as well, but at a much higher dose. The improvements were even more dramatic: Despite a high-fat diet, the mice had healthy populations of bacteria in their guts, their intestines were closer to normal, and they put on less weight.

One way that fibre benefits health is by giving us, indirectly, another source of food, Prof Gewirtz said. Once bacteria are done harvesting the energy in dietary fibre, they cast off the fragments as waste. That waste - in the form of short-chain fatty acids - is absorbed by intestinal cells, which use it as fuel.

But the gut's microbes do more than just make energy. They also send messages. Intestinal cells rely on chemical signals from the bacteria to work properly, Prof Gewirtz said. The cells respond to the signals by multiplying and making a healthy supply of mucus. They also release bacteria-killing molecules.

By generating these responses, gut bacteria help maintain a peaceful coexistence with the immune system. They rest atop the gut's mucus layer at a safe distance from the intestinal wall. Any bacteria that wind up too close get wiped out by antimicrobial poisons.

While some species of gut bacteria feed directly on dietary fibre, they probably support other species that feed on their waste. A number of species in this ecosystem - all of it built on fibre - may be talking to our guts. Going on a low-fibre diet disturbs this peaceful relationship, the new studies suggest.

The species that depend on dietary fibre starve, as do the other species that depend on them. Some species may switch to feeding on the host's own mucus. With less fuel, intestinal cells grow more slowly. And without a steady stream of chemical signals from bacteria, the cells slow their production of mucus and bacteria-killing poisons. As a result, bacteria edge closer to the intestinal wall, and the immune system kicks into high gear.

Hannah D Holscher, a nutrition scientist at the University of Illinois who was not involved in the new studies, said that the results on mice need to be put to the test in humans. But it's much harder to run such studies on people. NYTIMES