Duterte's tilt toward China risks upending US strategy in Asia

[HONG KONG] Just when some of China's neighbours were seeking to curtail its expansionism, along came Rodrigo Duterte.

In less than three months on the job, the 71 year-old Philippine leader has used expletives in talking about US President Barack Obama and vowed to end cooperation with the US military in both fighting terrorism and patrolling the disputed South China Sea. He's moved to boost economic and defense ties with China and Russia.

While Mr Duterte is unpredictable - one day calling China "generous" and the next threatening a "bloody" war if Beijing attacked - his behaviour has undermined US efforts to rally nations from Japan to Vietnam to Australia to stand up to China's military assertiveness.

In doing so, he risks shifting from the 1951 Philippine-US defence treaty, which has been a bedrock of American influence in the region. While Mr Duterte has said he'll respect the alliance he's repeatedly stressed the need for an "independent foreign policy" and questioned America's willingness to intervene if China were to seize territory in the South China Sea.

'Game Changer'

"This could be the game changer for the South China Sea situation in general and Sino-US regional competition specifically," said Zhang Baohui, director of the Center for Asian Pacific Studies at Lingnan University in Hong Kong.

"Duterte's foreign policy may dramatically shift the geostrategic picture of the region, leaving China in an advantageous position versus the United States."

One of the biggest benefits for China is the potential for a deal over the South China Sea. Just weeks after Mr Duterte took office in late June, an international arbitration panel ruled that China's claims to most of the waterway had no legal basis - a win for the Philippines in a case brought by Mr Duterte's predecessor.

While Mr Duterte has said he'll respect the agreement, he's signalled he's open to talks with China, the country's biggest trading partner, and he did not push for the ruling to be mentioned in the communique last week from a summit of Southeast Asian leaders in Laos.

Before taking office, he said he'd consider setting aside territorial disagreements to get a Chinese-built railway.

Joint Effort

In July, Mr Duterte sent former President Fidel Ramos to Hong Kong to explore common ground with China. Mr Ramos later called for a bigger role for the Philippines under China's plan tolink ports and other trading hubs throughout Asia to Europe.

Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said on Sept 6 that China is "willing to make a joint effort with the Philippine side to rebuild mutual trust and push forward the bilateral ties."

"Let's not be naive about this, there's no other country that will benefit from our differences with the US and our other allies but China," said Lauro Baja, a former Foreign Affairs undersecretary who served as the Philippine permanent representative to the United Nations under ex-President Gloria Arroyo.

"Whether we like it or not, we're sending the wrong message to the US, China and our other allies with these actions and pronouncements."

'A Chinese Strait'

China claims sovereignty over all features that lie within a nine-dash line drawn on a 1940s map enclosing more than 80 per cent of the South China Sea. It says that gives it the right to interdict military ships close to its territory - a position the US opposes.

Fu Ying, who chairs the Foreign Affairs Committee of China's top lawmaking body, this month framed US-China tensions in the South China Sea as a fight over the freedom of navigation for naval warships and other non-commercial vessels within the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones of coastal states.

"The Chinese want the South China Sea to become a Chinese strait, with control of the maritime space and the air space above it," said Malcolm Davis, a senior analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute in Canberra.

"That is the long term game, and flipping Duterte over to Beijing's side is part of the play."

China's land reclamation and military buildup in the waters has in recent years pushed some neighbours closer to the US. The Obama administration has boosted military cooperation with nations such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Singapore, and Japan.

'Very Bad Scenario'

Still, at the summit last week in Laos, a spat with Mr Obama over Mr Duterte's war on drugs and the thousands of deaths it has caused overshadowed any criticism of China.

"That's a very bad scenario," said Hideki Makihara, a senior lawmaker in Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party, referring to a potential Philippine strategic alignment with China.

In that case, "at least we need Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries surrounding the South China Sea in our group," he said in an interview this week in Tokyo.

For now, US officials are emphasising the benefits of defense ties with the Philippines.

"We've got a wide range of shared concerns and shared interests, and the United States and the Philippines have been able to work effectively together in a variety of areas to advance our mutual interests," White House press secretary Josh Earnest said on Sept 12.

Backlash Risk

A shift toward China may be difficult for Mr Duterte to sustain. If China refuses to make any tangible concessions on the South China Sea, particularly over fishing resources at the disputed Scarborough Shoal, Mr Duterte may face a domestic backlash, according to Richard Javad Heydarian, an assistant political science professor at De La Salle University in Manila.

"This is precisely why security relations with the United States will remain indispensable for the Philippines," he wrote in an article last week for the Washington-based Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative.

Still, the US can no longer expect the same level of strategic deference and diplomatic support. "This is the new normal in Philippine-US relations."

BLOOMBERG