India has to resolve its water woes now if it is to keep growing rapidly
IS there anything that India can learn from China? Sceptics may say no. The governance systems of the two countries are worlds apart. However, we argue that China can offer potentially useful lessons on water governance. This, at least, is the conclusion of researchers at the Institute of Water Policy at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. Their study surveyed 182 water experts from 19 provinces/states in both countries, including engineers, water legal experts, academics, economists and bureaucrats. They then compared 17 indicators of water governance in terms of water laws, policies and administration.
As the two largest developing and water-stressed countries, China and India are similar in that both are facing a water crisis due to rapid urbanisation and industrialisation and the attendant problems of pollution, as well as inefficient water use.
The Yellow River in China has been badly polluted by more than 4,000 petrochemical firms to the extent that it is no longer fit even for agricultural use. Likewise, the Ganges River is one of the most polluted in the world. Only half of China's urban water sources are safe to drink, while more than half of the groundwater in the northern provinces cannot be used for industrial purposes. India's story is not much different. Tourists are advised not to drink tap water in India. However, the similarities stop here.
The differences lie in the approach to water governance. For instance, China's main approach to solving its water (and energy) crisis is to build more large dams and diversion canals. Some 22,000 medium-sized and large dams (at least 15 metres) have been built since the 1950s, including the world's largest dam - the Three Gorges Dam with a capacity 10 times that of Hoover Dam - and the world's largest water transfer project - the 4,345 kilometre South-North Water Transfer Project. These water and power projects have helped China's rapid industrialisation, urbanisation and growth.
By contrast, in India, dam-building has been much more difficult for a variety of reasons. First, conflicts over water rights are prevalent among different states and among different user groups (farmers, urban users and industry). Cases drag on in courts for years and projects cannot be started. Second, India's democratic system of governance means that there are far more veto players in the approval process for dam-building. Third, unlike China, state governments in India do not have the same engineering, financial, administrative and political capacity to undertake massive dam-building projects.
There are other things that make water governance in China different. Many of China's top political leaders were trained in water management, including former president Hu Jintao who has a degree in water engineering. In contrast, none of India's top national or state leaders have formal training in water management. Chinese universities have established world-class training programmes for water professionals. The Yellow River Commission alone has about 40,000 water professionals. India has no such equivalent agency.
Moreover, in China, energy and water state-owned enterprises are somehow more powerful than ministries and provincial governments. They can get things done. By contrast, water agencies in India are not as politically powerful because they have been weakened by a large number of veto players and have been highly politicised. In China, local governments are able to raise water tariffs to fund expansion of water supply. In India, it is very difficult to raise tariffs and hence few resources to expand services. In China, water issues are consistently on the very top of the political agenda. Not so in India, except when Delhi becomes dry.
Academic research shows that improving water governance holds the key to improving water security in developing countries. Notably, China's achievements and determination in water governance are remarkable. Only in the past five years, China solved the problem of drinking water safety for over 300 million rural people. In the next five years, China plans to ambitiously reduce its water consumption per unit of GDP by 23 per cent, and this year alone, 20 new major water conservation projects will be initiated.
The main lesson from China is this: if India is to grow rapidly in the next 30 years - as did China - it has to decisively address its water problems now. For a start, India's politicians should put water on top of their agenda. Good water economics is also good politics.
