THE Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is investigating potential misconduct by executives and board members of First Republic Bank, raising the prospect of stiff penalties for the failed bank’s former bosses.

“We can confirm a D&O probe into First Republic is taking place,” a spokesperson told Reuters on Wednesday, referring to the bank’s directors and officers. The regulator did not provide further details.

The investigation, which has not previously been reported, is the third the FDIC has opened into bank failures earlier this year which cost the federal government’s deposit insurance fund about US$32 billion.

FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg said in March that the agency was also probing possible misconduct related to the collapses of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and Signature Bank New York. The FDIC has not provided updates on these investigations.

The three banks, which combined held more than half a trillion dollars in assets, failed following depositor runs. Regulators have said they each exhibited weak risk management and ran high levels of uninsured deposits.

As with SVB and Signature Bank, the FDIC is probing whether First Republic executives and board members broke rules that require them to act in the bank’s best interests.

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Under federal law, the FDIC can ban former directors and officers from the industry, and impose fines for breaching their fiduciary duty and unsafe or unsound practices that involve dishonesty or “willful or continuing disregard” for a bank’s well-being.

Former First Republic CEO and President Michael Roffler and former Executive Chairman James Herbert could not immediately be reached for comment. Attorneys representing the bank’s independent board members did not immediately return requests for comment.

Roffler told lawmakers in May that regulators never expressed any concern about the bank’s strategy, liquidity or management and that it had been “contaminated overnight” by the depositor panic from SVB and Signature Bank.

While it is standard practice for the FDIC to probe bank failures - and not necessarily an indication of wrongdoing - the probe adds to regulatory scrutiny of the failed banks’ leadership.

The US Justice Department and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are scrutinising stock trades and statements made by First Republic ahead of the bank’s demise, according to a source with knowledge of the probe. Bloomberg previously reported the investigation.

Massachusetts regulators are also investigating First Republic insiders’ stock sales, Reuters previously reported. Federal investigators are likewise probing the collapse of SVB, Reuters and others have reported.

In congressional testimony, former SVB and Signature executives have denied wrongdoing or mismanagement of their banks.

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The March implosions of SVB and Signature Bank sparked a deposit run at First Republic. Despite efforts to stabilise the ailing lender, it failed in May and was sold to JPMorgan Chase & Co. It was the biggest bank failure since the 2007-2009 global financial crisis.

First Republic was especially vulnerable because it relied excessively on uninsured deposits, grew rapidly - with loans and funding concentrated in ways that increased risk - and failed to plan adequately for the possibility that the Federal Reserve could raise interest rates sharply, the FDIC has said.

In a September postmortem, the FDIC also highlighted decisions by First Republic’s board of directors in the second half of 2022 when they were confronted with serious warning signs.

On at least two occasions, the board collectively decided “to take no further action” after learning that one of its risk models was flashing red, causing FDIC supervisors to worry about the bank’s “lack of urgency” in confronting the problem.

One model forecast that a 200 basis-point increase in interest rates could more than wipe out the bank’s equity.

As the Fed raised rates in 2022, First Republic suffered mounting unrealised losses in its loan portfolio that ultimately exceeded its equity level, which undermined public confidence, contributing to the fatal run on the bank, the FDIC said. REUTERS