Global leaders agree to stop global warming

[LE BOURGET, France] Cheering envoys from 195 nations have approved a historic accord in Paris to stop global warming, offering hope that humanity can avert catastrophic climate change and usher in an energy revolution.

French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius ended nearly a fortnight of gruelling UN negotiations with the bang of a gavel, marking consensus among the ministers, who stood for several minutes to clap and shout their joy, with some shedding tears of relief.

"I see the room, I see the reaction is positive, I hear no objection. The Paris climate accord is adopted," declared Mr Fabius, the president of the talks.

Turning to a little green hammer with which he formally gave life to the arduously crafted pact, he quipped: "It may be a small gavel but it can do big things." The post-2020 Paris Agreement ends decades-long rows between rich and poor nations over how to carry out what will be a multi-trillion-dollar campaign to cap global warming and cope with the impacts of a shifting climate.

With 2015 forecast to be the hottest year on record, world leaders and scientists had said the accord was vital for capping rising temperatures and averting the most calamitous impacts from climate change.

Without urgent action, they warned, mankind faced increasingly severe droughts, floods and storms, and rising seas that would engulf islands and coastal areas populated by hundreds of millions of people.

US President Barack Obama hailed the agreeement saying: "This moment can be a turning point for the world. We've shown that the world has both the willingness and the ability to take on a challenge."

The framework, which has encountered criticism from environmentalists for not going far enough and from some Republican lawmakers in the US who question whether humans are affecting the global climate, was described by the administration as the starting point for developed and developing nations to cut carbon emissions.

The crux of the fight entails slashing or eliminating the use of coal, oil and gas for energy, which has largely powered prosperity since the Industrial Revolution began in the 1700s.

The burning of those fossil fuels releases invisible greenhouse gases, which cause the planet to warm and disrupt Earth's delicate climate system.

Ending the vicious circle requires a switch to cleaner sources, such as solar and wind, and improving energy efficiency. Some nations are also aggressively pursuing nuclear power, which does not emit greenhouse gases.

The Paris accord sets a target of limiting warming of the planet to "well below" 2 degrees Celsius compared with the Industrial Revolution, while aiming for an even more ambitious goal of 1.5 C.

To do so, emissions of greenhouse gases will need to peak "as soon as possible", followed by rapid reductions, the agreement states.

The world has already warmed by almost 1C, which has caused major problems in dry developing countries, according to scientists.

Some environmentalists said the Paris agreement was a turning point, predicting the 1.5C goal would help to doom the fossil-fuel industry.

"That single number, and the new goal of net zero emissions by the second half of this century, will cause consternation in the boardrooms of coal companies and the palaces of oil-exporting states," Greenpeace International chief Kumi Naidoo said.

Developing nations had insisted rich countries must shoulder the lion's share of responsibility for tackling climate change as they emitted most of the greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution.

The United States and other rich nations countered that emerging giants must also do more, arguing developing countries now account for most of current emissions and thus will be largely responsible for future warming.

On the crucial financing issue, developed countries agreed to muster at least US$100 billion a year from 2020 to help developing nations.

However, following US objections, it was not included in the legally-binding section of the deal.

Ahead of the talks, most nations submitted voluntary plans to curb greenhouse-gas emissions from 2020, a process billed as an important platform for success.

But scientists say that, even if the pledges were fully honoured, Earth will still be on track for warming far above safe limits.

In an effort to get countries to scale up their commitments, the agreement will have five-yearly reviews of their pledges starting from 2023.

Nations most vulnerable to climate change lobbied hard for wording to limit warming to 1.5 C.

Big polluters, such as China, India and oil producing-giant Saudi Arabia, preferred a ceiling of 2 C, which would have enabled them to burn fossil fuels for longer.

China's chief negotiator Xie Zhenhua said the pact was not perfect.

"However, this does not prevent us from marching historical steps forward," he said.

"This indeed is a marvellous act that belongs to our generation and all of us." Tuvalu, a Pacific island nation of about 10,000 people at risk of being submerged by rising oceans, celebrated.

"We have saved Tuvalu, and in doing so we have saved the world," Tuvalu negotiator Ian Fry said.

Nicholas Stern, a former chief economist for the World Bank who has become a prominent global advocate of climate action, also hailed the deal.

"This is a historic moment, not just for us and our world today, but for our children, our grandchildren and future generations," Mr Stern said.

French scientist Jean Jouzel, who contributes to the UN's Nobel-winning climate panel, was cautious.

He told AFP the 1.5 C goal was legitimate for climate-vulnerable countries but in reality, it was "a dream, and certainly too ambitious to reach." "My disappointment is about action before 2020," which would help avert future warming, he said. "There is really no ambition there at all."

AFP, BLOOMBERG