Zurich

GERMANY, which is known for strict budgets, has tapped debt markets to prop up its virus-hit economy, while neighbouring Switzerland has consistently curbed borrowing despite calls to change course.

With Swiss firms struggling through another lockdown, the federal government last week finally loosened its purse strings a bit, doubling emergency aid to 10 billion Swiss francs (S$14.8 billion) as part of a programme to boost the economy.

But when he presented the package for companies worst hit by the latest Covid-19 restrictions, Finance Minister Ueli Maurer again lamented that Switzerland had to borrow to boost the economy.

Some 10 billion francs in debt will have to be paid off within six years according to a constitutional debt brake rule, Mr Maurer warned.

He promised to present various options to do so as soon as the economic outlook cleared a bit.

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Despite mounting criticism that the wealthy Alpine nation isn't doing enough to support companies, Mr Maurer has repeated time and again that the Swiss government has "no money".

The government is already borrowing "150 million francs a day, or six million per hour, or 100,000 a minute", he notes.

In 2020, Switzerland's federal government spent 15 billion francs to support the economy, and preliminary data shows that it ended the year with a deficit of 15.8 billion francs.

Some have called for Switzerland to put balanced budget dogma aside during the crisis, to protect against potential long-term economic damage.

"Switzerland could be much more generous," said Michael Graff, an economics professor at ETH Zurich, a public research university.

He believes that the country could borrow what it needed to boost business activity without a problem.

A study published by Prof Graff in January argued that the nation's post-crisis finances would remain healthy even if borrowing rose, primarily because the country entered the Covid-19 pandemic with one of the world's lowest debt ratios.

National debt stood at 25.8 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) at the end of 2019.

That was less than half the European Union's widely breached target of 60 per cent.

According to Prof Graff, if the Swiss debt ratio rose by 10 percentage points, or even 20, and "if things take a turn much worse than expected" the country would still be at a level that is "extremely low, compared to other nations, once the crisis is overcome".

If Switzerland is in some ways a very liberal nation, Prof Graff pointed to a "public debt phobia" which he said was a cultural trait.

After debt soared at the end of the 1990s owing to a crushing real-estate crisis, Switzerland became a champion of fiscal rectitude, introducing a debt brake into its constitution in 2003.

"This fear of going into debt is something irrational," argued Cedric Tille, an economics professor at Geneva's Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

This is especially so, he said, because Switzerland currently benefits from negative interest rates, which means that investors are willing to lose money to own Swiss 10-year bonds.

Former Swiss central bank vice-president Jean-Pierre Danthine believes that the country's debt brake rule should be suspended when the economy is facing a crisis.

With negative rates, Switzerland can borrow "all it needs for its economy", he said in a recent interview with Leman Bleu television.

The country did not suffer as badly as some European neighbours during the first wave of the pandemic moreover, and its economy has fared better.

It was able to ease restrictions faster and count on strong pharmaceutical exports.

The Swiss government rapidly implemented economic support measures and allocated 70 billion francs to finance partial unemployment benefits for workers and short-term business loans.

After falling by 8.6 per cent in the first half of the year, Swiss GDP rebounded with a 7.2-per-cent gain in the third quarter.

But after infections surged again, cafes, restaurants, theatres, cinemas, museums and sports clubs were closed in mid-December and all non-essential shops followed a month later.

Shops are slated to reopen on March 1, but some fear that the shutdown will lead to a wave of bankruptcies at small- and medium-sized businesses. AFP