Despite Russian warnings, Finland and Sweden draw closer to Nato

[BRUSSELS] Even before his invasion of Ukraine, President Vladimir Putin of Russia had warned Sweden and Finland of "retaliation" should they join Nato. It was, after all, Ukraine's desire to join the alliance that he cited time and again as provocation for his war.

But if his invasion of Ukraine has succeeded at anything so far, it has been to drive the militarily nonaligned Nordic countries into the arms of Nato as Russian threats and aggression heighten security concerns and force them to choose sides.

In a rapid response to Russia's invasion - and despite Putin's threat of "serious political and military consequences" - both Finland and Sweden are now seriously debating applications for membership in the alliance and are widely expected to join.

Their accession would be another example of the counterproductive results of Putin's war. Instead of crushing Ukrainian nationalism, he has enhanced it. Instead of weakening the trans-Atlantic alliance, he has solidified it. Instead of dividing Nato and blocking its growth, he has united it.

"With the contours of European security irrevocably altered since Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the direction of thinking in both countries - especially Finland - is getting clearer by the day," wrote Anna Wieslander and Christopher Skaluba of the Atlantic Council.

"From Moscow's perspective, the result might be another unwanted consequence of its needless and reckless aggression," they said.

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At a news conference in Stockholm on Wednesday with Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson of Sweden, Prime Minister Sanna Marin of Finland said a decision on whether to apply for membership would be made "within weeks" as her government submitted a document to inform parliamentary debate on the issue.

"There are, of course, pros and cons with being a member of Nato, as there are pros and cons of other security choices," said Andersson. But, she added, "I see no point in delaying this analysis or the process" over whether to join.

Nato officials are publicly discreet, saying only that the alliance has an open-door policy and any country that wishes to join can ask for an invitation. After a meeting of alliance foreign ministers last week, Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg was coy but said, "There are no other countries that are closer to Nato." Even a speedy application process could take a year, raising concerns that the 2 countries would be vulnerable to Russia in that time.

Already, the alliance is debating what kind of security guarantees could be provided to Finland and Sweden while their membership is considered. The goal would be to try to ensure that Russia or any other adversary did not take advantage of the interim before the 2 countries were part of Nato and could benefit from its promise of collective defence.

Both Sweden and Finland are members of the European Union and already have strong partnerships with Nato, participating in military exercises and even strategic and operational planning.

But Finland, with its long border with Russia, famously survived the Cold War as an independent and unoccupied democracy by studiously hewing to neutrality, something some have suggested for Ukraine. Finland has sided openly with the West since the Soviet Union collapsed, though it has kept, like Sweden, a policy of military nonalignment.

Putin's invasion has led to a head-spinning turnaround in public opinion in Finland in favour of joining the alliance. Led quietly by its president, Sauli Niinisto, Finland is clearing the path toward Nato membership for a more reluctant Sweden.

While Finland's security doctrine includes an option to join Nato if circumstances change, that has not been the case for Sweden, which has a minority government led by the Social Democrats, whose formal position of military nonalignment was confirmed at their party congress in November.

But, however complicated Nato membership looks for Sweden politically, it would be dangerous to be left outside the alliance if Finland joins, since the 2 countries are each other's closest defence partners and plan for war together, said Wieslander, a Swede who is the Atlantic Council's director for Northern Europe.

In Sweden, an all-party parliamentary group, led by Foreign Minister Ann Linde, is studying the issue with a report due May 31. That deadline may be accelerated, because a decision to join Nato would have to pass Parliament with a solid majority, and that would depend on the Social Democrats shifting their position, Wieslander said.

In the last election of 2018, the Social Democrats' vote share fell to 28.3 per cent, their lowest since 1908. This makes them more sensitive to public opinion now than before, and just this week, the party announced that it was reconsidering its position on Nato.

Carl Bildt, a former Swedish prime minister, wrote recently in The Washington Post that after the war on Ukraine, "There is no way back to a past of illusionary neutrality." Given both countries' relationships with Nato, applications to join the 30-member alliance would be accepted quickly, probably in late June, at Nato's summit meeting in Madrid.

But all member states and their legislatures would have to ratify that decision, which took about a year for the last country to join, North Macedonia.

In the meantime, Niinisto has discussed with President Joe Biden and the British government the possibility of a bilateral or trilateral security guarantee.

Such a guarantee could be politically controversial, but might appeal to Britain. And Washington already has a trilateral defence cooperation agreement with Sweden and Finland that could be broadened.

The United States has publicly supported the idea of membership. Julianne Smith, the American ambassador to Nato, said the US would welcome both countries.

"We've exercised; we've trained with them. They bring very capable militaries," she said. "They are some of our closest allies in Europe, and so I can't imagine a situation where there would be tremendous resistance to this idea."

But it is Russia's sudden war on Ukraine that has turned old assumptions hollow. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine reminded Finns of the dangers Moscow presents in a speech Friday to the Finnish Parliament, recalling the Winter War of 1939-40, when Stalin's Soviet Union attacked Finland.

"You have seen Russia attack your country, and that threat still exists," Zelenskyy said. "What they did in Bucha, they will do in your cities." And it was Finnish courage then that has inspired Ukrainians in their own fight, he said. NYTIMES