Will exposure drive change in N Korea?

Gangneung, South Korea

WHEN North Korean figure skaters Ryom Tae Ok and Kim Ju Sik took to the ice last week, cheerleaders chanting their names stowed the unified Korean flags that they had waved at other events at the Pyeongchang Olympics and whipped out their national flag.

After that unmistakable outburst of patriotic fervour, it was all the more incongruous when the pair began skating to a distinctly Western song: A Day in the Life by The Beatles, in a cover by Jeff Beck.

"I have no clue how they chose it," said Bruno Marcotte, a prominent French Canadian coach. He worked with the pair, who placed 13th, for eight weeks last summer in Montreal and said that their North Korean coach had selected the song. "I think the fact that everybody was like, 'Huh?' makes it even more special."

The musical choice seemed to belie the assumption that North Koreans, citizens of the most isolated country on earth, are cut off from knowledge of the outside world by the restrictions imposed by their autocratic leader, Kim Jong Un.

With 22 athletes and an entourage of around 500 cheerleaders, arts performers, journalists and security minders at the Winter Games, the North Koreans have been subjected to endless scrutiny about what they are seeing here, and whether it is, well, blowing their minds.

More broadly, analysts and officials wondered if engaging with the outside world could have a political effect back home. Those scuffling for information found only scraps.

The North Korean figure skaters seemed to enjoy a variety of global food in the athletes' cafeteria, said Kam Alex Kang Chan, a South Korean skater who also trained with Mr Marcotte.

Megan Duhamel, who with her skating partner, Eric Radford, won a bronze medal in pairs figure skating and is married to Mr Marcotte, said that the North Korean skaters became fans of protein bars made by a friend of hers in Montreal, and that she gave them several to take home.

In the locker room before a game between the unified Korean women's ice hockey team and Sweden, some of the South Koreans taught their teammates from the North how to dance to K-pop music, said Sarah Murray, the Korean women's hockey coach.

The subtext of some of the curiosity is whether the North Koreans, exposed to glimpses of popular culture or the higher standard of living in the South, might be tempted to defect, as athletes from other communist countries have done at previous Olympic Games.

No North Korean athletes have defected during an Olympics, although one defected in 1991 during a world judo championship in Spain.

Some analysts theorise that exposure to the outside world could eventually drive change back home. "It might be better to think that an information inflow will slowly alter the preferences of North Koreans by inevitably poking holes in the ideology," said Robert Kelly, a professor of political science at Pusan National University in South Korea. "Over time, this should change the regime and make it easier to deal. That's the hope anyway."

Some US officials espouse a version of this view. "Our sense is the more North Koreans that come here and can see how successful the South has been, the better," Marc Knapper, deputy chief of mission at the US Embassy in Seoul, said during a news conference before the games.

"Maybe they'll discover what good things accrue when they decide to rejoin the international community and make the right decisions," Mr Knapper added.

Yet even North Korea watchers who support greater athletic and cultural exchanges said that none of it will slow down the country's nuclear ambitions. "Of course they will proceed with their nuclear programme," said Andrei Lankov, a North Korea specialist at Kookmin University in Seoul. "Nothing can be done, short of a military invasion, to reverse it. The best we can hope for is to achieve some kind of freeze."

Any North Korean who might try to steer the government in a new direction risks severe punishment. Dissidents are thrown into prison camps, and Mr Kim has had hundreds of people killed, including his own uncle, and - it is widely believed - his half brother.

Those who promote more engagement with the North said that change will be evolutionary, not revolutionary. "North Koreans, including North Korean officials, will see they are lagging very behind the world," Mr Lankov said. "Some of them will say, 'Let's overthrow the government,' but many more will say, 'Let's change our policy a bit.'"

It is not even clear how much the North's athletes and supporters have seen or heard while at the games. The dozen female players on the joint ice hockey team sleep in separate dorms and ride a separate bus from their South Korean teammates.

The North Korean cheerleaders and journalists are staying in a remote resort in Inje County, at least a 90-minute drive from many of the Olympic venues. The cheerleaders are not even allowed to slip to the bathroom on their own, and minders from the North Korean delegation, as well as South Korean police officers, are constantly monitoring them, the athletes and performers.

"Leaving North Korea is even harder than leaving the mafia," said Sue Mi Terry, Korea chairwoman at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. Would-be defectors "know their entire family, extended relatives, friends will get executed or rounded up and sent to labour camps", she said.

Defectors said that those who have been abroad are likely to receive some kind of ideological "re-education" session upon returning home. Still, some specialists said that exposure to the outside world may ultimately undermine the regime's efforts to keep citizens in line. NYTIMES

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