Shanmugam, Tan See Leng each awarded S$210,000 in defamation suits against TOC’s Terry Xu
Justice Lim highlights the gravity of Xu’s allegations, extensive publication, and his malicious actions
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[SINGAPORE] The High Court has granted S$210,000 in damages to Minister for Home Affairs K Shanmugam and Minister for Manpower Tan See Leng in defamation suits filed against The Online Citizen (TOC) chief editor Terry Xu.
The claims are related to a Dec 2024 TOC article titled Bloomberg: Nearly half of 2024 GCB transactions lack public record, raising transparency concerns. The TOC article referred to a Dec 12, 2024, Bloomberg article on property transactions by the two ministers.
In her 28-page written judgement, Justice Audrey Lim set out several factors that pointed towards the award of higher damages. The damages awarded to each minister included S$50,000 in aggravated damages.
The judge’s findings followed an Aug 26, 2025, hearing where she had granted default judgement in favour of Shanmugam and Dr Tan as Xu failed to show up in court.
She said the TOC article’s allegations attacked the ministers’ character by portraying them as individuals who are part of an opaque system, circumvented transparency requirements to avoid scrutiny of their conduct, and therefore suggesting that they had done something improper.
“As Cabinet Ministers, these allegations disparage not only the claimants’ personal but professional reputation as well,” she added. “This is therefore a factor that points towards the award of higher damages.”
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Justice Lim said Xu’s defamatory allegations were very grave, as they directly impugned the claimants’ personal integrity, character and professional reputation.
The extent of publication and republication of the article was substantial, she noted. Besides being accessible on TOC’s website, the article was also published on TOC’s social media plaforms.
Xu also amplified the defamatory content by publishing four additional articles between Dec 23, 2024, and Jan 3, 2025 that referred to or contained links to the original article. Each of these subsequent articles was also promoted on TOC’s social media accounts.
The judge also found that Xu had acted in malice. Xu was put on notice to the falsehoods in the article by Dr Tan and Shanmugam’s lawyers on Dec 19, 2024, and an article on the government’s fact-checking website Factually on Dec 23, 2024.
He responded by saying that the article was “based on factual and verifiable public records”, and maintained that its contents were true and entirely justified, the judge noted.
Xu also breached an Aug 26, 2025, injunction order that restrained him from disseminating the defamatory allegations.
In their lawsuits, Shanmugam and Dr Tan had each sought damages in excess of the awards made in two other defamation cases.
These are a 2021 case when then-prime minister Lee Hsien Loong was awarded S$210,000 against Xu for a TOC article over 38 Oxley Road; and a 2024 case where Shanmugam was awarded S$200,000 against Lee Hsien Yang for defaming him over his rental of a state property in Ridout Road.
Judge Lim said the nature of the defamation in the present case was, in her view, graver than the case involving Senior Minister Lee.
In that case, Xu’s allegations impugned SM Lee’s reputation and character by alleging that he was dishonest, but the allegations related primarily to a family feud and not, say, to misconduct in his capacity as a public officer pertaining to public funds or to serious criminal conduct, she added.
The extent of publication and republication in the present case was highly substantial, said the judge – much larger than the case involving Shanmugam and Lee Hsien Yang, and comparable to the case involving SM Lee.
Justice Lim also observed that in both the 2021 suit and the present one, Xu’s conduct had been similar.
“The defendant in both proceedings acted maliciously and failed to apologise when given the opportunity to do so,” she said.
A subsequent hearing will be fixed to determine legal costs.
Separately, Shanmugam and Dr Tan’s defamation suit against Bloomberg for its Dec 12, 2024, article has been set for eight days between Apr 7 and Apr 16, according to court records. THE STRAITS TIMES
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