THE key to the office of the future will be flexibility over where people work and how to address the challenges facing workers and employers alike – taking into account physical workspace, diverse needs and the power of technology.

Covid-19’s reordering of work routines has lingered for many, even after daily life seems to have returned to mostly what it used to be.

The changes have exposed some of the vulnerabilities and strengths – and possibilities – in how employees relate to their workplaces, especially office environments.

There is tension between employers and employees. Employers demand a full return of workers to the office. Employees expect flexible working arrangements, such as working from home, and offices that enable them to work better.

At the same time, technology is changing the nature of work altogether. Artificial intelligence (AI) and other technologies should liberate us to prioritise high-value tasks. As a result, the office environment will be needed for interpersonal learning and time – but on different terms than in the past.

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Recent Australian research in workplace design and environmental psychology points to some ways to rethink how office space is used and what flexibility can mean.

At the core of these findings is the attachment to place and placemaking. This concept caters directly to our sense of productivity and effectiveness – that is, how much the workplace allows us to work better.

Fit for purpose 

Australian property developer Mirvac created an experimental work floor within its Sydney headquarters in 2022 to test what kinds of physical space and technology were most effective in supporting seamless hybrid work.

Designers created various workspaces to facilitate different tasks, using furniture, adaptable power sources, Wi-Fi and mobile technologies.

Teams were given a single instruction: Choose a space and use it within a set time frame. The specifics of how, why and when they used the space were left up to them.

Our study of the pilot underscored the importance of responsive and dynamic environments to boost the productivity of high-performance teams.

Being able to reconfigure office elements allowed users to form new work habits and patterns.

This flexibility – combined with clearly defined space functions and strong leadership empowering employees’ working styles – maximised the way technology could support team connectivity and collaboration.

Many workers are re-evaluating the time and cost of a commute to the office.

That calculation involves some fundamental questions: How much learning, mentorship and growth do I gain from the personal interactions made possible in the office? How connected, aligned, supported, secure and safe – and proud – do I feel in this environment?

Our home offices or other working environments, crafted by necessity during the height of the pandemic, are often more fit for individual and highly focused work than what a typical office can offer. 

Employers need to consider how to respond to this shift in expectations.

Before forcing workers back full-time into the same old open-plan environments, they should be evaluating whether these spaces are fit for purpose in terms of the tasks, health and well-being of the occupants they support.

Prioritising user experience, fine-tuning work spaces to support user needs and designing for health and well-being will deliver higher levels of satisfaction, perceived productivity and creativity.

Connection to place

The physical workplace is tied to employees’ deeper psyche as a place of safety, belonging and ritual.

We all operate to some degree by the mechanisms of what environmental psychologists term place attachment and place identity.

The former refers to the emotional bonds we form with physical and symbolic places over time. The latter is an aspect of the self relating to our preferences, values, feelings and goals – the connection between people and place.

Connection to place is part of our brain wiring for completing tasks – how we navigate routines and make transitions between different types of thinking.

The office is a place to form professional networks and communities. Our ability to read non-verbal cues, to overhear and sense the vibe of our teams, organisations and management reassures us.

It underpins the authenticity of our interactions, and fosters deeper levels of trust and cultural bonds through shared experience. Those bonds help us understand that we are a part of a community.

Research tracking Australian workers’ work-from-home experiences throughout the Australian Covid lockdowns of 2020 revealed how ingrained the physical office environment was to knowledge workers’ sense of professionalism and effectiveness.

For managers, being disconnected from the office environment cut to the core of their ability to do their job – managing people – and affected their sense of professional identity.

For employees, particularly among younger generations, the pandemic confirmed what is often being leveraged today to bring workers back into the office: the connectedness, camaraderie and psychological safety that come with our feeling of belonging to our workplaces.

Building trust

One of the biggest drivers in the push back to the office has been lack of leadership trust, which is always a barrier to new ways of working.

Managers want to keep a tight rein on employees.

Overly controlling and distrustful management, however, directly correlates to higher reporting of psychosocial hazards, including poor physical work environment, lack of organisational justice and weaker workplace relationships – none of which supports positive performance.

An individual’s sense of trust from coworkers holds the key to almost everything – it affects a person’s connection and cohesion with the team, affirms their value to their team and promotes greater autonomy and ownership of work.

People feel more creative, energised and able to work on collaborative tasks and idea generation when they are physically together. 

Emotional intelligence might be the next frontier for AI and other digital systems, but there is no replacement for the human response triggered by real face-to-face encounters.

Clear choices 

The experiences of adapting to new work routines and technologies during the pandemic have fundamentally rerouted our neural pathways. 

People have adjusted their work styles to match the optimum tools and spaces to different tasks – video-conferencing is great for information transfer, but in-person is better for creative sparks, while the home office is ideal for long stretches of deeply focused work. 

As much as in-person work may promote connection, knowledge-sharing and creativity, other individual work activities have been shown to be more effective when done elsewhere. Remote working is a skill we can improve over time. 

Our research suggests that focusing on guidance within clear functional parameters empowers teams to make the most of their work spaces and working styles – rather than imposing standardised experiences. Positive experiences naturally emerge within an optimised framework of tools and support.

Choices about where, how and when we work have also opened increasing opportunities for neurodiverse workers and workers with disability or other competing responsibilities, enabling them to manage their needs autonomously for optimal work output. 

An Australian-based study of the impact of working from home found direct long-term benefits for workers living with disabilities.

From an employee’s perspective, flexibility means autonomy, choice and better integration of work with life. 

For employers, there is no single correct solution; but putting trust in your teams, supporting their work styles with the right tools and the right spaces, and providing structural support for their relationships to flourish are going to be what keeps them coming back. 360INFO

Iva Durakovic is an interior architect and lecturer at UNSW Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture. Christhina Candido is an associate professor at the University of Melbourne Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning. Samin Marzban is a lecturer with the School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering at the University of Wollongong, Australia. This research was funded by the Australian government through the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects funding schemeand the Alastair Swayn Strategic Research Grant.